Scaling ML Products At Startups: A Practitioner's Guide

How do you scale a machine learning product at a startup? In particular, how do you serve a greater volume, velocity, and variety of queries cost-effectively? We break down costs into variable costs-the cost of serving the model and performant-and fixed costs-the cost of developing and training new models. We propose a framework for conceptualizing these costs, breaking them into finer categories, and limn ways to reduce costs. Lastly, since in our experience, the most expensive fixed cost of a machine learning system is the cost of identifying the root causes of failures and driving continuous improvement, we present a way to conceptualize the issues and share our methodology for the same

Disseminated cysticercosis: a case report and review of the literature

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Introduction</p> <p>Cysticercosis is a common tropical disease. One of the uncommon manifestations of cysticercosis is its disseminated form.</p> <p>Case presentation</p> <p>We report an immunocompetent patient with disseminated cysticercosis, who had involvement of the brain, subcutaneous tissues, skeletal muscles, right orbit and thyroid gland. In addition, this patient developed a serum sickness which responded to therapy.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Wide spread dissemination is a rare complication of cysticercosis. A planned approach to therapy is required.</p

Causes, Consequences, and Policy Responses to the Migration of Health Workers: Key Findings from India

Background: This study sought to better understand the drivers of skilled health professional migration, its consequences, and the various strategies countries have employed to mitigate its negative impacts. The study was conducted in four countries—Jamaica, India, the Philippines, and South Africa—that have historically been “sources” of health workers migrating to other countries. The aim of this paper is to present the findings from the Indian portion of the study. Methods: Data were collected using surveys of Indian generalist and specialist physicians, nurses, midwives, dentists, pharmacists, dieticians, and other allied health therapists. We also conducted structured interviews with key stakeholders representing government ministries, professional associations, regional health authorities, health care facilities, and educational institutions. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression models. Qualitative data were analyzed thematically. Results: Shortages of health workers are evident in certain parts of India and in certain specialty areas, but the degree and nature of such shortages are difficult to determine due to the lack of evidence and health information. The relationship of such shortages to international migration is not clear. Policy responses to health worker migration are also similarly embedded in wider processes aimed at health workforce management, but overall, there is no clear policy agenda to manage health worker migration. Decision-makers in India present conflicting options about the need or desirability of curtailing migration. Conclusions: Consequences of health work migration on the Indian health care system are not easily discernable from other compounding factors. Research suggests that shortages of skilled health workers in India must be examined in relation to domestic policies on training, recruitment, and retention rather than viewed as a direct consequence of the international migration of health workers

Nutraceutical value of finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.), and their improvement using omics approaches

The science of nutritional biology has progressed extensively over the last decade to develop food-based nutraceuticals as a form of highly personalized medicine or therapeutic agent. Finger millet [Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.] is a crop with potentially tremendous but under-explored source of nutraceutical properties as compared to other regularly consumed cereals. In the era of growing divide and drawback of nutritional security, these characteristics must be harnessed to develop finger millet as a novel functional food. In addition, introgression of these traits into other staple crops can improve the well-being of the general population on a global scale. The objective of this review is to emphasize the importance of biofortification of finger millet in context of universal health and nutritional crisis. We have specifically highlighted the role that recent biotechnological advancements have to offer for enrichment of its nutritional value and how these developments can commission to the field of nutritional biology by opening new avenues for future research

Impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular testing in the United States versus the rest of the world

Objectives: This study sought to quantify and compare the decline in volumes of cardiovascular procedures between the United States and non-US institutions during the early phase of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the care of many non-COVID-19 illnesses. Reductions in diagnostic cardiovascular testing around the world have led to concerns over the implications of reduced testing for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Methods: Data were submitted to the INCAPS-COVID (International Atomic Energy Agency Non-Invasive Cardiology Protocols Study of COVID-19), a multinational registry comprising 909 institutions in 108 countries (including 155 facilities in 40 U.S. states), assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on volumes of diagnostic cardiovascular procedures. Data were obtained for April 2020 and compared with volumes of baseline procedures from March 2019. We compared laboratory characteristics, practices, and procedure volumes between U.S. and non-U.S. facilities and between U.S. geographic regions and identified factors associated with volume reduction in the United States. Results: Reductions in the volumes of procedures in the United States were similar to those in non-U.S. facilities (68% vs. 63%, respectively; p = 0.237), although U.S. facilities reported greater reductions in invasive coronary angiography (69% vs. 53%, respectively; p < 0.001). Significantly more U.S. facilities reported increased use of telehealth and patient screening measures than non-U.S. facilities, such as temperature checks, symptom screenings, and COVID-19 testing. Reductions in volumes of procedures differed between U.S. regions, with larger declines observed in the Northeast (76%) and Midwest (74%) than in the South (62%) and West (44%). Prevalence of COVID-19, staff redeployments, outpatient centers, and urban centers were associated with greater reductions in volume in U.S. facilities in a multivariable analysis. Conclusions: We observed marked reductions in U.S. cardiovascular testing in the early phase of the pandemic and significant variability between U.S. regions. The association between reductions of volumes and COVID-19 prevalence in the United States highlighted the need for proactive efforts to maintain access to cardiovascular testing in areas most affected by outbreaks of COVID-19 infection

The economics of government deficits: Some alternative formulations with time series evidence.

The dissertation discusses the impact of fiscal policy on the economy and the interaction between monetary and fiscal policies. It examines the reasoning and evidence behind the commonly held belief that public deficits have a retrogressive impact on the economy. The issues being addressed by this dissertation are: whether the recent growth in deficits is due to increase in interest rates or overall government spending; whether the monetary policy response of governments has reinforced or weakened the destabilizing impact of discretionary fiscal policy; and finally, the issue of financing of deficits and its link with inflation. The evidence based on Granger-Sims causality tests, using cointegration and error-correction modeling suggests that the high interest rate regime is largely responsible for the explosion of deficits in the last few decades. Thus, higher deficits do not 'cause' higher interest rates; rather, higher interest rates 'cause' higher deficits because of the central bank control over the rate of interest. In many cases, the high interest rates also 'cause' a decline in public expenditures. Furthermore, the 'monetization' of deficits is not related to the nature of financing of deficits. The evidence supports an alternative notion of 'monetization' (where monetization is associated with aggregate economic activity due to the endogenous nature of the money supply). Such 'monetization', it is argued, has no 'causal' impact on inflation. The analysis of findings for a select group of 11 countries and, in particular for the G-7 countries, strengthen the arguments of heterodox economists, who argue that current fiscal policies of austerity have played a major destabilizing role in contemporary economies. The three essays that constitute this dissertation all highlight the crucial role played by monetary policy in impacting on fiscal indicators in the economy upon which have been fashioned the current policies of fiscal austerity